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Father Dale Peterka is a former President of the Great Northern Railway Historical Society and now handles Publication Development for the GNRHS.
Also visit the
Tumwater Dam story for additional
information.
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Coming up in December 2000 is the hundredth anniversary of the opening of the
first Cascade Tunnel. Located on the mainline of the Great Northern Railway in
the Cascade Mountains of Washington, the tunnel allowed trains to bypass the
summit and to proceed directly from Cascade Tunnel Station, on the east side of
Stevens Pass, to Wellington, Washington, on the west side. The original 1893
line over the pass was so steep that a series of switchbacks had been necessary.
Trains sawed back and forth until they reached the 4000-foot summit. In times of
good weather, the line was a major headache, causing traffic backups and delays.
In winter, snow removal on the pass was a continuing nightmare. Cascade Tunnel,
opened in December 1900, allowed the switchback route over the pass to be
abandoned, an improvement hailed by the railroad and its customers alike.
But the tunnel brought new troubles. The bore was made on a slight grade. This
allowed good drainage, but also meant that eastbound trains were working
uphill, filling the tunnel with lots of thick, black smoke. Soon stories of
crew and passengers being sickened by the fumes began to accumulate. After
several incidents that nearly claimed some lives, the Great Northern decided to
solve the smoke problem by pulling the trains through the tunnel with electric
locomotives. In 1909, trolley wire was hung in the tunnel, on the approach
tracks and in the yard at both ends, and four boxcab "motors" were purchased
from General Electric.
The stucco-covered brick powerhouse and surge tank were built about a mile below the dam in Tumwater Canyon with a large pipeline carrying water under pressure from the reservoir to the tank. Three turbines drove generators that converted water power to electricity.
Some miles east of the tunnel, the railroad
built a powerhouse on the Wenatchee River in Tumwater Canyon and installed
three hydroelectric generators to power the new locomotives. To drive the
generators, a dam was built about a mile upstream, and a large diameter
pipeline was installed to carry the water under pressure to the powerplant. A
steel water tank on a hundred foot tower was erected next to the facility to
protect the pipeline and the generators from surges in water pressure.
After some early problems, the electrical system and its locomotives served the
Great Northern for seventeen years. In 1927, an improved new system was built.
The electrified zone was extended at both ends: west to Skykomish and east to
Wenatchee, and a new mainline was built through Chumstick Canyon, bypassing the
Tumwater Canyon line. The old powerplant was sold. The roadbed in the canyon
became part of the newly built Cascade Highway, U.S. 2.
One of the interesting features of the old powerplant was the pipeline.
Following the primitive technology of the day, it was made from wood! The pipe
was made from wooden staves, much like a classic wooden barrel. But instead of
bands, the wooden body was wrapped with a continuous length of heavy steel wire
to hold the staves in place and to resist water pressure. Eight feet in
diameter, the pipe, which was called a "penstock" in the old documents, followed
the river for over a mile from the dam down to the surge tank and to the
powerplant.
The original steel bridge that carried the pipeline across the river to the powerhouse survives today, as does the bottom half of the pipeline which serves as a walkway.
The pipe ran along the bank of the Wenatchee River. Ideally, it should have been buried next to the mainline to protect it from freezing and from accidents, but there was no room for it alongside the train track in the narrow canyon. Instead, it followed a path on the other side of the river, and a steel bridge was built to carry it across to the powerplant, which was built trackside. Old photos show also a residence on the site for the plant operators.
The original pipeline was made from wood staves. It is clear from this photo that at least part was replaced with half-inch steel pipe sometime later. The remains of the pipe in the nearby tunnel are wood stave. There is no evidence that the tunnel was bypassed, so at least part of the wood stave section was in use until the plant was closed. In 1927, the power plant was sold to the utility supplying electricity to the Great Northern for the new system.
Today, there is a parking lot on the site for
the use of hikers and fishermen. Part of the powerhouse foundation remains, as
well as foundation piers for the surge tank. The bridge over the Wenatchee
survives. Hikers can cross on the remains of the penstock! The original wooden
pipe had been replaced by a steel pipe, at least at this point, and the bottom
half --eight feet in diameter-- serves as a walkway across the bridge.
The pathway on which the penstock once rested is now an access trail for a pole
line. Hikers can walk the mile or so upstream to the dam. At one point, remains
of an aqueduct can be seen (is that the right word?). Resembling a small
snowshed, it served to carry a mountain stream over the pipeline. A fish ladder
makes the stream above the dam accessible to salmon and trout. Behind the dam,
Lake Jolanda parallels the highway for another mile or so, a beautiful survivor
of a bygone era.
The spookiest part of the hiking trail is the nearly obscured tunnel that the
railroad built at one point to carry the pipeline through a rock outcropping.
Inside the tunnel is what's left of a section of the old wooden penstock! The
staves have all rotted away, but the great coils of steel wire remain, like the
remains of some giant accordion hiding in the darkness!
At one point, the railroad was forced to avoid a rock outcropping by running the wooden penstock through a tunnel. Today rock falls have hidden the tunnel portal, but with a bit of scrambling, it can be found. The remains of the wire wrap are still in place, and the tunnel is still accessible for foolish explorers!
Another view of the pipeline under construction.
The walk from the bridge to the dam is an easy one, following the rapid Wenatchee River with the high cliffs of Tumwater Canyon on both sides. You walk leisurely, enjoying the moment, but your thoughts go back to the days when passenger trains made their way up this canyon. In winter, steam-powered rotary plows labored to keep the line open. Huge wooden snowsheds kept the slides off the track at the narrowest parts. The smell of coal smoke mingled with the scent of pine needles. And brave little Ten-wheelers labored up the grade past Drury, Winton, Merritt, and Berne to Cascade Tunnel. From there, it was downhill all the way to Seattle!
An ancient postcard photo showing the early Great Northern mainline through Tumwater Canyon. The roadbed is right at water level and there is little or no ballast supporting the track. There was clearly no room on this side of the river for the later pipeline.
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